The river at Arsuz.
Northwest of
Antakya, behind the Amanus Mountains on the Mediterranean coast stands the
small town of Arsuz, the Rhosus or Rhossus of classical times. Strabo (d. ca.
24 AD), for instance, mentions it in his Geography: "Near the sea
in this region lies Seleuceia, and Pieria, a mountain continuous with Mt.
Amanus, and Rhosus, which is situated between Issus and Seleuceia."[1]
Nearly 200
years after Strabo wrote his Geography, there was a congregation of
Christians in the small town. At that time, though, the ideas of the Christians
differed from the teaching of the early congregations. Thus, in Rhosus the
congregation used a "gospel" that was regarded as spurious by the
Christians in Antioch. It was called The Gospel of Peter.
In Syria,
and many other places in the ancient world Christianity had been influenced by
Gnostic doctrines. One of the teachings popular among the Gnostics was that
everything material is by nature bad. Consequently, according to them, the body
of Jesus cannot have been material at all.
The apostle
John is arguing strongly against this belief in his first letter.[2] It was difficult to
challenge his authority, so instead people with contradictory ideas started to
write counterfeit letters and gospels carrying the names of some of the
apostles of Christ. One of these gospels was the Gospel of Peter.
When the
bishop of Antioch realised that the small congregation used the Gospel of Peter
believing it genuine, he felt the need to warn his co-religionists.
The Orthodox
church at Arsuz.
In the second century there was no church building.
The
congregations met in private homes.
The church
historian Eusebius, who wrote his Church History about 150 years later,
has this to tell:
Chapter XII.—Serapion and his Extant Works.
It is probable that others have preserved other memorials of
Serapion’s literary industry, but there have reached us only those addressed to
a certain Domninus, who, in the time of persecution, fell away from faith in
Christ to the Jewish will-worship; and those addressed to Pontius and Caricus,
ecclesiastical men, and other letters to different persons, and still another
work composed by him on the so-called Gospel of Peter.
He wrote this last to refute the falsehoods which that Gospel
contained, on account of some in the parish of Rhossus who had been led astray
by it into heterodox notions. It may be well to give some brief extracts from
his work, showing his opinion of the book. He writes as follows:
“For we, brethren, receive both Peter and the other apostles
as Christ; but we reject intelligently the writings falsely ascribed to them,
knowing that such were not handed down to us.
When I visited you I supposed that all of you held the true
faith, and as I had not read the Gospel which they put forward under the name
of Peter, I said, If this is the only thing which occasions dispute among you,
let it be read. But now having learned, from what has been told me, that their
mind was involved in some heresy, I will hasten to come to you again.
Therefore, brethren, expect me shortly.
But you will learn, brethren, from what has been written to
you, that we perceived the nature of the heresy of Marcianus, and that, not
understanding what he was saying, he contradicted himself.
For having obtained this Gospel from others who had studied
it diligently, namely, from the successors of those who first used it, whom we
call Docetæ[3]
(for most of their opinions are connected with the teaching of that school) we
have been able to read it through, and we find many things in accordance with
the true doctrine of the Saviour, but some things added to that doctrine, which
we have pointed out for you farther on.” So much in regard to Serapion.[4]
And indeed,
there were very strange assertions in the Gospel of Peter. Among other things
it has the following account about the resurrection of Jesus:
And in the night in which the Lord's day was drawing on, as
the soldiers kept guard two by two in a watch, there was a great voice in the
heaven; and they saw the heavens opened, and two men descend from thence with
great light and approach the tomb. And that stone which was put at the door
rolled of itself and made way in part; and the tomb was opened, and both the
young men entered in.
When therefore those soldiers saw it, they awakened the
centurion and the elders; for they too were hard by keeping guard. And, as they
declared what things they had seen, again they see three men come forth from
the tomb, and two of them supporting one, and a cross following them: and of
the two the head reached unto the heaven, but the head of him that was led by them
overpassed the heavens. And they heard a voice from the heavens, saying, Thou
hast preached to them that sleep. And a response was heard from the cross, Yea.[5]
A speaking
cross and men as tall of skyscrapers! No wonder that the bishop from Antioch got
concerned.
Grave
Today Rhosus
is called Arsuz. It is the only town in Turkey with a non-Muslim mayor. He is
an Orthodox, and besides his job at the municipality, he is running a small
fish restaurant besides the river.
People in
Arsuz are very kind indeed. There are Sunni Muslims, Nusayri Alewites and "Greek"
Orthodox. But they are living together in peace and tolerance: A beautiful
example for the rest of Turkey and for Europe as well.
[1]. Strabo,
Geography, Book XVI, chapter 2, accessed May 28, 2013, http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16B*.html.
[2]. The
three letters of the apostle John are found towards the end of the New
Testament.
[3]. Docetists.
"Docetism is broadly defined as any teaching that claims that Jesus' body
was either absent or illusory." – "Docetism," Wikipedia,
accessed May 28, 2013, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docetism.
[4]. Eusebius
Pamphylius, ed. Philip Schaff, Church History, Book VI, Chapter 12 (New
York: Christian Literature Publishing 1890) 528-30.
[5]. "The
Gospel of Peter," Early Christian Writings, accessed May 28, 2013, http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/gospelpeter.html.
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