In second century Antioch there was a gate at the southwest extreme of
the Colonnaded Street called the Cherubim Gate.[1] Outside this gate
was the settlement of Kerateion and after this the settlement of Rhodion on the
eastern side of the torrent Phyrminus.
A map of old Antakya. The location of the Cherubim Gate is marked with an x. Ouard is the Arabic name for rose, So we maintain that this quarter is what was called Rhodion. Today it is called Güllü Bahçe (Ros Garden). Kerateion was very like identical with Mahsan.
The story goes that the Roman general Titus after destroying Jerusalem in
70 CE put up representation of cherubs (angelic beings) taken from the temple
in Jerusalem at this gate to annoy the Jews living in this neighbourhood. The
cherubs are thought to have been similar to those who had been placed on the
Ark of the Covenant in the Jewish temple in Jerusalem. However, at the time of the
destruction of Jerusalem, this room was empty. Consequently, it is uncertain
what the cherubs at the gate were supposed to have been.
We have this story from the Byzantine chronicler Ioannes Malalas who died
in 578, about five hundred years after the destruction of Jerusalem. He writes:
Titus,
having celebrated a triumph for his victory, departed for Rome; and Vespasian
from the Jewish spoils built in Antioch the Great the so-called Cherubim before
the gate of the city. For there he fixed the bronze Cherubim which he found
fixed in the Temple of Solomon; and when he destroyed the Temple he took them
thence and carried them to Antioch with the Seraphim, celebrating the triumph
for the victory over the Jews which had taken place in his reign, setting up
above a bronze statue in honour of the Moon with four bulls facing Jerusalem,
for he had taken it at night when the moon was shining.[2]
The trouble
with Malalas, though, is that he has a tendency to mix hearsay into his
writings. Thus, Jerusalem was not taken by night as claimed in the quotation.
This, of course, would not exclude that Titus set up statues of some sort at
the gate.
The gate is also mentioned by a biographer of Symeon Stylites the Younger
in connection with a plague that hit the city in the sixth century:
The destroyer went toward the gate
at the south, which issues towards Daphne, and there rose from the so-called
Cherubim, and as far as Rhodion, in all the quarter called Kerateion, a great
cry and mourning and much lamentation.[4]
According to
this, the quarter called Kerateion was situated outside the Cherubim Gate,
between the gate and the quarter of Rhodion.
On the other hand, Procopius gives us the following information about the
situation of Kerateion
(or Cerataeum):
So, then,
after the city had been destroyed, the church was left solitary, thanks to the
activity and foresight of the Persians to whom this work was assigned. And
there were also left about the so-called Cerataeum many houses, not because of
the foresight of any man, but, since they were situated at the extremity of the
city, and not connected with any other building, the fire failed entirely to
reach them.[5]
According to these two
quotations, Kerateion was situated outside the Cherubim gate with sufficient
distance to be unharmed by the fire inside Antioch. It should be mentioned,
though, that the wind in Antakya is mostly in the west. If this was the case
when the Persians burnt the city, flames and sparks would blow in the opposite
direction of Kerateion. The space between the city inside the Cherubim Gate and
Kerateion may not have been extremely wide.
It also seems
that there was a quarter called Cherubim in ancient Antioch.[6] Naturally,
this could have been a quarter inside the gates, or it could have been between
the Cherubim Gate and Kerateion.
However, the
quotation from the biography of Symeon Stylites the Younger seems to indicate
that the quarter of Cherubim was outside the gate. And Procopius' story about
the fire leaves us with in impression that there was no other quarter between
Kerateion and the city. This seems reasonable as the distance between the old
site of the Cherubim Gate and the quarter called Rhodion (today Ward [rose] in
Arabic and Güllü Bahçe [rose garden] in Turkish) can be walked in less than
five minutes.
The area south of the Cherubim Gate in modern Antakya.
The gate does not exist anymore.
There is another
explanation, although it admittedly is based on abduction.
Here in the
Middle East mythopoeia is a common phenomenon. Over the Cave Church of St.
Peter, for example, you find the rock-hewn bust of Charon, the character that,
according to Greek mythology, took the souls of the diseased over the River
Styx. Locals will tell you that originally it is the Virgin Mary. To them
Charon looks like a woman and he is carved into the rock over the church, so
why not?
But back to the
Cherubim Gate.
As mentioned above
the word cherub is a Hebrew word (כרוב: kerûb). The plural of this word is kerûbîm. The Greeks
in Antioch would write is as χερουβιμ while the Arameans would either use the
Hebrew form above or their own kerûbîn.
Now the word kerûb
is pronounced nearly as the word for carob in Hebrew and Aramaic (חרוב, cherub or kherûb).[7]
In the Hebrew
translation of Jesus' parable of the Prodigal Son in the Gospel of Luke chapter
15, the Greek word for carobs in verse 16 has been translated by the word cherûb
in plural (חרובים).[8]
In the original Greek text the word is κεράτιον (keration). According to a
Greek dictionary, κερατωνια (keratwnia) and κερατεα (keratea) are names of the
carob tree. Please notice how close these
words for carobs are to the name of the quarter of Kerateion between the
Cherubim Gate and the quarter of Rhodion.
Consequently I suggest that we dismiss the story of
Malalas about cherubs set up by Titus at the south-western gate of Antioch.
Indeed, there may have been statues or similar objects at
the gate, and they may even have been placed there by Titus. But as people did
not know what they represented - or they knew, but later generations forgot it
- the Aramaic and Hebrew name of the quarter between the gate and the quarter
of Rhodion, the Quarter of Carobs, was believed to mean the Quarter of Cherubs
(Cherubim), and the gate was named accordingly. This process would be similar
to the one that has happened to Charonion, by some believed to represent the
Virgin Mary.
The Greek speaking populace, however, continued to call
the quarter by its original name Kerateion ([the quarter of] carobs) while they
started to use the Hebrew name on the gate.
In this connection it should be remembered that the
Jewish quarter was situated at the gate, probably outside it, in the quarter of
Kerateion (between the Jewish synagogue and the point where streets Oğuzlar
Caddesi and Kurtuluş Caddesi today meet). It is therefore natural that it was
the Hebrew version (cherûbîm) and not the Aramaic version (cherûbîn)
that became common.
_______
POSTSCRIPTUM
The fruit of the
carob tree is often associated with John the Baptist. In German it is called
Johannisbrot, in Danish johannesbrød, in Swedish johannesbröd, in Dutch
Johannesbrood, in Finnish johanneksenleipäpuu.
The story goes that the Medieval ascetics
did not like the idea that John the Baptist used to grashoppers. He was not
supposed to eat meat, they thought. Consequently they insisted that the
grashoppers mention in the New Testament account were in fact carobs.[9]
Now, inside the Cherubim Gate there was
a church dedicated to John the Baptist. Symeon Stylites the Younger, who was
living in the quarter of Cherubim, was baptised in this church. Consequently
the Church of John the Baptist and the quarter of Cherubim cannot have been far
apart.
Today this church is the Habib-i Neccar
Mosque, and inside the mosque, a few steps from the former quarter of Kerateia,
there is a room with a sarcophagus claimed to contain the bones of John the
Baptist (called Yahya in Turkish and Arabic).
_________
[1] Cherûbîm
is the Hebrew word in plural.
[2] Ioannes
Malalas, Chronographia (Bonn: Impensis Ed. Weberi, 1831), 260-61. The
translation has been taken from Christopher Ecclestone, "The Cherubim
Gate," Antiochepedia, December 16, 2008, accessed August 28, 2012, http://libaniusredux.blogspot.com/2008/12/cherubim-gate.html.
[3]
Glanville Downey, A History of Antioch in Syria (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1961) 206 fn 25.
[4] Quoted
by Glanville Downey. Ibid., 614.
[5] Procopius, History
of the Wars, Book I and II (London: William Heinemann; New York: The Macmillan
Co. 1914), 345.
[6] Downey, A History
of Antioch in Syria, 614.
[7] Please compare: "Carob,"
Balashon – Hebrew Language Detective (accessed August 29, 2012, http://www.balashon.com/2006/07/carob.html),
Genesis 3:24 in the Septuagint version, and the Gospel of Luke 15:16 in a
Hebrew translation.
[8] Torah, Nebî'îm,
Ketûbîm, Berîth Hadashah (Jerusalem:
Hôtsi'ath Qeren Achawah Mashîchîth).
[9] Sebastian Brock, St
John the Baptist's diet – according to some early Christian sources (Greek and
Syriac), accessed September 1, 2012, http://www.sjc.ox.ac.uk/3763/John-the-Baptists-Diet.pdf.download.
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